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The Two Nations Theory holds that Ulster Protestants form a distinct Irish nation.〔''Where is the Irish Border? Theories of Division in Ireland'', by Sean Swan, Nordic Ireland Studies, 2005, pp. 61–87.〕 Advocates of the theory have used it as a basis for opposing Home Rule and later to justify the partition of Ireland, leading to its strong criticism by Irish nationalists such as John Redmond (who stated that "'the two nation theory' is to us an abomination and a blasphemy")〔''Ireland, 1912–1985: Politics and Society'' by Joseph Lee, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 15〕 and Éamon de Valera〔''The Politics of the Irish Civil War'' by Bill Kissane, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 50〕 and, somewhat later, by Seán Lemass〔""Two-Nation Theory" Absurd Idea", Irish Times, 11 November 1960, pp. 1, 5 (report of a debate on Partition in Dáil Éireann).〕 and Douglas Gageby.〔See Gageby's essay in ''Conor Cruise O'Brien Introduces Ireland'' by Owen Dudley Edwards and Conor Cruise O'Brien, Deutsch, 1969〕 == History == According to S J Connolly's ''Oxford Companion to Irish History'' (p. 585), the Two Nations theory first appeared in the book ''Ulster As It Is'' (1896) by the Unionist Thomas Macknight. It was also advocated by the Tory writer W F Moneypenny in his 1913 book ''The Two Irish Nations: An Essay on Home Rule'', and was later taken up by the British Conservative politician Andrew Bonar Law.〔''Ideology and the Irish Question: Ulster Unionism and Irish Nationalism 1912–1916'' by Paul Bew, OUP, 1998.〕 It was advanced in 1907 by the future Supreme Court judge and Sinn Féin Republican TD Arthur Clery in his book ''The Idea of a Nation''.〔''The Idea of a Nation'', reprinted 2002 by University College Dublin Press; edited by Patrick Maume〕 Clery appears to have been motivated by his view of Irishness as essentially Gaelic and Catholic, and by the belief that partition would facilitate the achievement of Home Rule. He is unusual in supporting the "two nations" theory from a nationalist perspective; it is more usually advocated by Unionists. In 1962, the Dutch geographer Marcus Willem Heslinga (1922–2009) argued in his book ''The Irish Border as a Cultural Divide'' that there were good cultural reasons for the existence of the border. Paramount among these was religious difference which resulted in the partition of Ireland being a division between 'two nations' on the island of Ireland – the Catholic Irish nation in the Republic and the Protestant Ulster nation in Northern Ireland.〔〔''The Irish border as a cultural divide: a contribution to the study of regionalism in the British Isles.'' (2nd. Edition) M W Heslinga, Assen (in the Netherlands), Van Gorcum, 1979.〕〔"Mapping the Narrow Ground: Geography, History and Partition" by Mary Burgess, Field Day Review, Vol. 1, (2005), pp. 121–132 (a discussion of Heslinga's ideas on Northern Ireland).〕 This view was also put forward by the Irish Communist Organisation (ICO) (later the British and Irish Communist Organisation (B&ICO)) in 1969, in response to the crisis in the North. On the basis of the Leninist theory of nationalities, they theorised that Ireland contained two overlapping nations and that it was necessary to recognise the rights of both.〔See, for instance, ''The Two Irish Nations: A Reply to Michael Farrell'' by the British and Irish Communist Organisation, Athol Books, 1971.〕 This led to their formation of the Workers' Association for the Democratic Settlement of the National Conflict in Ireland, in an attempt to draw the left to a non-nationalist position. Its policy sought the ending of the Republic's claim to Northern Ireland in Articles 2 and 3 of the Irish constitution. The ICO/B&ICO Two Nations idea is discussed in ''Ireland: Divided Nation, Divided Class'' by Austen Morgan and Bob Purdie.〔Austen Morgan and Bob Purdie, ''Ireland: Divided Nation, Divided Class'', Ink Links, 1980.〕 Jim Kemmy TD of the Democratic Socialist Party was influenced by these ideas.〔John A. Murphy discusses Kemmy's Two-Nation Theory in Seanad Éireann, 1981. ()〕 Around the same time, the Irish nationalist Desmond Fennell put forward the idea that the Ulster Protestants were a separate ethnic group – the Ulster British – that had not been absorbed into the Irish nation, and the solution to the conflict was joint administration of the Six Counties by the UK and Irish governments. Fennell put these ideas forward in articles for the Sunday Press and Irish Times; his 1973 pamphlet, "Towards a Greater Ulster", also outlines these ideas.〔For instance, see Fennell's article ''Some New "Invisibles" for Old?'' in the Irish Times, 16 April 1973.〕〔Desmond Fennell, ''Heresy: the Battle of Ideas in Modern Ireland'', Blackstaff, 1993, pp. 107–8.〕 The ideas of Conor Cruise O'Brien about Northern Ireland, especially in his book ''States of Ireland'' (1973), were also labelled as "two nations theory" by some commentators.〔See, for instance, ''The Irish Question: Two Centuries of Conflict'' by John McCaffery, 1995, p. 210, and ''A History of the Irish Working Class'', by Peter Berresford Ellis, 1985, p. 329〕 In a 1971 speech, Tomás Mac Giolla of Official Sinn Féin condemned O'Brien, Fennell and B&ICO's "two nations theories" as a capitulation to British imperialism.〔Irish Times, 25 October 1971.〕 In the mid-1970s, several members of the Vanguard Loyalist group also embraced the Two-Nations Theory.〔"Ireland has ''never'' been one nation. I support the Two-Nations Theory". Interview with Vanguard member, quoted in ''Ulster's uncertain defenders : protestant political, paramilitary and community groups and the Northern Ireland conflict'' by Sarah Nelson. (p.110-111). Belfast, Appletree Press 1984. ISBN 0-904651-98-3〕 A variation on this idea was discussed by David Miller in his study of the Ulster Protestants, ''Queen's Rebels''. He argued that Ulster Protestants, while not a nation, were a pre-nationalist group (separate from Irish Catholics) that operated according to loyalty to the British Crown. He stated that there was thus a "nation" (Irish Catholic Nationalists) and a "community" (Irish Protestant Unionists) in Ireland.〔''Queen's Rebels: Ulster Loyalism in historical perspective'' by David W Miller, Gill and Macmillan, 1978.〕 In 2006, Jack Conrad, a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee) (CPGB-PCC), proposed in the Weekly Worker magazine that a solution to the Northern Ireland conflict would involve the recognition of the Ulster Protestants (who he called the "British-Irish"), and the solution he outlined was "We stand for a united Ireland, within which a one-county, four-half-county British-Irish province exercises self-determination" by retaining its separate status from the Republic of Ireland.〔("Self-Determination and the British-Irish" ), Weekly Worker, 16 February 2006.〕 Subsequently, some writers claimed Conrad was attempting to resurrect the Two-Nations Theory.〔(''Two Nations Once Again'' ), 3 March 2006, Socialist Democracy.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Two Nations Theory (Ireland)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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